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Background: It has been shown that physical activity increases bone mass. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic exercise on the levels of parathormone (PTH), alkalin phosphatase (ALP), and calcium (Ca) in untrained obese men.

Materials and methods: Totally, 22 untrained obese men (33.9±3.6 years old; body mass index: 32.65±3.42 kg/m²) volunteered to participate in our study. They were randomly divided into two experimental (n=12) and control (n=10) groups. The experimental group performed a training program for 12 weeks (three sessions per week and each session lasted 80 minutes with the intensity of 60-80% maximum heart rate). The control group didn’t participate in any intervention program. For measuring biochemical factors (ALP. Ca and PTH), blood samples were taken from each group. . Finally, t-test was used for the comparison of intergroup mean changes.

Results: The study findings showed that there was a significant increase in PTH and ALP in the experimental group compared to the control group (p<0.001). However, no significant difference was seen in the concentration of Ca in the experimental group. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in the fat percentage, body mass index, and weight in the experimental group (p<0.001).

Conclusion: Results showed that a three-month aerobic exercise with the intensity of 60-80% of maximum heart rate causes a significant change in markers of bone metabolism in the obese men. These changes can indicate an increase in calcium absorption and may be the effects of anabolic of PTH and exercise.

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Background: The scientific evidence shows that the levels of adiponectin and resistin respectively had negative and positive correlation with the obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous aerobic exercise and periodized resistance exercise on plasma levels of adiponectin and resistin among sedentary obese adolescents.

Materials and methods: In this study, 24 subjects were divided into three groups: resistance training group [n=8; age 15.92±1.56y; body mass index (BMI) 32.30±2.21 kg/m²], aerobic exercise group (n=8; age 15.23±2.03y; BMI 31.32±1.32 kg/m²) and control group (n=8; age 14.97±1.92y; BMI 30.80±3.12 kg/m²). The program of aerobic exercise group included walking and running up to 60% oxygen consumption for four sessions per week, while this performed in the resistance training group for three sessions per week (12 weeks). The plasma levels of adiponectin and resistin were measured using an ELISA kit. All data were analyzed using ANOVA test.

Results: The study findings showed that resistance training reduced body fat percentage by 7.18% (p<0.001) and increased plasma adiponectin levels by 6.84% (p=0.03). Aerobic exercise increased maximum oxygen consumption and plasma adiponectin by 11.8% (p=0.04) and 12.34% (p<0.001), respectively; while it reduced weight and body fat percentage by 2.18% (p=0.03) and 7.31% (p=0.02), respectively. It should be noted that fat percentage changes were different in both training groups (p=0.09), but no significant changes were observed in plasma levels of resistin (p=0.127).

Conclusion: In summary, 12 weeks of aerobic and resistance training increased the plasma levels of adiponectin, whereas the plasma levels of resistin had no changes.

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Background: In the recent years, interest to the assessment of medicinal plants on the protection of body has emerged. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) along with consumption caraway seeds on liver enzymes, lipid profile and blood glucose in obese and overweight women.
Materials and methods: In this semi-experimental study, 24 women aged 25 to 35 years were selected and randomly divided into three obese, overweight, and control groups. All groups consumed caraway seeds (powder), 50 mg/kg twice a day for six weeks. The test group performed three HIIT sessions per week for six weeks. Each session consisted of four to six repeats of maximal sprint running (90-95% of maximum heartbeat) within a 20m area with 60s recovery gaps. Blood samples were obtained after 12 hours fasting before and after training. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measure for assessment of time interactive effect (consisting of two levels, i.e. before and after training) on the studied groups in the applied amounts of the desired variables.
Results: The results of the current study showed that the three groups have significant differences in term of triglyceride (p=0.043) and AST (p=0.005) factors, but no significant difference was observed in the other variables (FBS, cholesterol, ALT, ALP, and ALT/AST) between the groups.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that HIIT with consumption of caraway seeds can be useful in prevention from the occurrence of some diseases associated with obesity; however, to achieve the desired results, the intervention should be longer.
 

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Background: Apelin is a novel adipokine that is closely related with insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of endurance training on Apelin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and insulin resistance index in middle-aged sedentary men.
Materials and methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 men aged between 48 to 60 years with body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg/m², were randomly allocated to the endurance training (n=15), and control groups (n=15). The training program consisted of 12 weeks of endurance training (treadmill running) with 50-75% maximum heart rate. Before and 48 hours after the 12 weeks exercise, measurement of Apelin, CRP and insulin resistance index were performed. Paired t-test and Independent t-test were used for statistical analysis using SPSS software.
Results: Results revealed that after 12 weeks endurance training, significant reductions were observed in the levels of CRP (p=0.001), BMI (p=0.001), fat percent (p=0.001), Apelin levels (p=0.027) and insulin resistance index (p=0.002) of experimental group compared to control group.
Conclusion: Generally, it seems that significant reductions in Apelin and CRP levels as a result of reduced body fat mass following 12 weeks of endurance training have been effective in reducing insulin resistance.

 

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Background: Abdominal obesity is associated with the risk of albumin increasing which is the main reason for decreasing in renal function. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between resistance training (RT) and fasting on the removal of creatinine and glomerular filtration in sedentary women with abdominal obesity.
Materials and methods: In this semi-experimental study, 60 sedentary women (average age: 38.3±5.2 years) participated in four groups of 15 persons –including RT, RT with fasting, fasting, and control (no fasting and no exercise). During Ramadan, the RT program consisted of eight main exercises with moderate intensity was performed with emphasis on large muscles for 3 times per week. The fasting duration in Ramadan was about 17 hours. Bio-impedance technique for the assessments of creatinine and glomerular filtration rate were used. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc, and Pearson correlation coefficient tests.
Results: One-way ANOVA results showed that the creatinine clearance (p=0.048) and glomerular filtration (p=0.049) in fasting group were significantly higher than the control group, but no significant difference was observed among other groups. Pearson correlation coefficient showed that creatinine clearance and glomerular filtration rate had an inverse and significant relation with age, while these variables were directly correlated with body mass index.
Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it seems that 17 hours of fasting may have a positive effect on the renal function in women with abdominal obesity.

 

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Background: The role of exercise intensity on the changes related to the health and appetite involved in the metabolism of individuals is unclear. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of traditional resistance training with high-intensity periodicity on the factors involved in fat metabolism in obese and overweight women.
Materials and methods: From among obese and overweight women, 30 persons were selected in an available method and randomly divided into three groups of high-intensity interval resistance training (45 minutes), traditional resistance training (75 minutes), and control . After the initial sampling, the intervention groups were active for 12 weeks. Blood samples were taken 48 hours after the last training session to remove the response to the last training session.
Results: The results showed that ghrelin, weight, fat percentage, and body mass index in high-intensity interval resistance training group were significantly lower than all other groups (p<0.05). There is a significant increase in serum adiponectin in the traditional group and high-intensity interval resistance training group compared to the control group. The increase in nesfatin-1 in the high-intensity interval resistance training group led to a significant difference with the control group (p<0.05), but compared to the traditional group, these differences were not significant.
Conclusion: It seems that exercise intensity is an important factor influencing changes in fat metabolism and appetite control in obese women groups. However, further research is needed to reach a definitive conclusion.

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Background and aims: Due to the high prevalence of obesity and fatty liver disease caused by obesity, it is necessary to find an effective and useful solution. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of 12 weeks of TRX training on fatty liver enzymes in obese and overweight female.
Methods: Totally, 30 overweight and obese female (BMI=33.24±4.7) who had no history of exercise or certain diseases were selected as a purposive sampling. Then, they were randomly divided into two groups of TRX training (n=15) and control (n=15). The training protocol included resistance training in the form of TRX suspension training, which was performed three days a week on non-consecutive days for 12 weeks, and each session lasted 60 minutes. Body weight, height and levels of liver function tests (LFTs) along with hepatic steatosis index (HSI) were measured 48 hours before and after the training period.
Results: It was found that body weight (p=0.001) and BMI (p=0.001) in the exercise group decreased significantly compared to the control group. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the serum levels of LFTs as well as HSI.
Conclusion: It seems that although TRX resistance training for 12 weeks has a beneficial effect on improving body weight and BMI, this training intervention has no effect on LFTs and HSI in overweight and obese women.

 

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‎‏Background‏‎ ‎‏and‏‎ ‎‏aims‏‎: ‎‏Exercise‏‎ ‎‏training‏‎ ‎‏is‏‎ ‎‏linked‏‎ ‎‏to‏‎ ‎‏increased‏‎ ‎‏energy‏‎ ‎‏expenditure‏‎ ‎‏and‏‎ ‎‏the‏‎ ‎‏modulation‏‎ ‎‏of‏‎ ‎‏inflammatory‏‎ ‎‏factors‏‎ ‎‏and‏‎ ‎‏oxidative‏‎ ‎‏stress.‏‎ ‎‏This‏‎ ‎‏study‏‎ ‎‏aimed‏‎ ‎‏to‏‎ ‎‏investigate‏‎ ‎‏the‏‎ ‎‏effects‏‎ ‎‏of‏‎ ‎‏high‏‎-‎‏intensity‏‎ ‎‏interval‏‎ ‎‏training‏‎ (‎‏HIIT‏‎) ‎‏on‏‎ ‎‏the‏‎ ‎‏expression‏‎ ‎‏of‏‎ ‎‏the‏‎ ‎‏p53‏‎ ‎‏and‏‎ ‎‏p16‏‎ ‎‏genes‏‎ ‎‏in‏‎ ‎‏the‏‎ ‎‏pancreatic‏‎ ‎‏tissue‏‎ ‎‏of‏‎ ‎‏aged‏‎ ‎‏rats‏‎ ‎‏fed‏‎ ‎‏a‏‎ ‎‏high‏‎-‎‏fat‏‎ ‎‏diet.‏‎
‎‏Methods‏‎: ‎‏This‏‎ ‎‏experimental‏‎ ‎‏study‏‎ ‎‏utilized‏‎ ‎‏a‏‎ ‎‏post‏‎-‎‏test‏‎ ‎‏design‏‎ ‎‏involving‏‎ ‎‏20‏‎ ‎‏male‏‎ ‎‏Wistar‏‎ ‎‏rats‏‎ ‎‏aged‏‎ ‎‏52‏‎ ‎‏weeks‏‎, ‎‏divided‏‎ ‎‏into‏‎ ‎‏four‏‎ ‎‏groups‏‎: ‎‏normal‏‎ ‎‏diet‏‎, ‎‏normal‏‎ ‎‏diet‏‎ ‎‏with‏‎ ‎‏training‏‎, ‎‏high‏‎-‎‏fat‏‎ ‎‏diet‏‎, ‎‏and‏‎ ‎‏high‏‎-‎‏fat‏‎ ‎‏diet‏‎ ‎‏with‏‎ ‎‏training.‏‎ ‎‏The‏‎ ‎‏training‏‎ ‎‏groups‏‎ ‎‏engaged‏‎ ‎‏in‏‎ ‎‏treadmill‏‎ ‎‏exercises‏‎ ‎‏for‏‎ ‎‏eight‏‎ ‎‏weeks‏‎, ‎‏three‏‎ ‎‏days‏‎ ‎‏a‏‎ ‎‏week‏‎, ‎‏with‏‎ ‎‏each‏‎ ‎‏session‏‎ ‎‏lasting‏‎ ‎‏22‏‎ ‎‏minutes.‏‎ ‎‏The‏‎ ‎‏expression‏‎ ‎‏levels‏‎ ‎‏of‏‎ ‎‏p53‏‎ ‎‏and‏‎ ‎‏p16‏‎ ‎‏genes‏‎ ‎‏in‏‎ ‎‏pancreatic‏‎ ‎‏tissues‏‎ ‎‏were‏‎ ‎‏measured‏‎ ‎‏using‏‎ ‎‏the‏‎ ‎‏real‏‎-‎‏time‏‎ ‎‏PCR‏‎ ‎‏method.‏‎
‎‏Results‏‎: ‎‏Significant‏‎ ‎‏differences‏‎ ‎‏were‏‎ ‎‏observed‏‎ ‎‏among‏‎ ‎‏the‏‎ ‎‏four‏‎ ‎‏groups‏‎ ‎‏regarding‏‎ ‎‏the‏‎ ‎‏expression‏‎ ‎‏of‏‎ ‎‏p53‏‎ (‎‏p=0.0001‏‎) ‎‏and‏‎ ‎‏p16‏‎ (‎‏p=0.003‏‎) ‎‏genes.‏‎ ‎‏Notable‏‎ ‎‏differences‏‎ ‎‏in‏‎ ‎‏p53‏‎ ‎‏expression‏‎ ‎‏were‏‎ ‎‏found‏‎ ‎‏between‏‎ ‎‏the‏‎ ‎‏normal‏‎ ‎‏diet‏‎ ‎‏and‏‎ ‎‏high‏‎-‎‏fat‏‎ ‎‏diet‏‎ ‎‏groups‏‎ (‎‏p=0.001‏‎), ‎‏as‏‎ ‎‏well‏‎ ‎‏as‏‎ ‎‏between‏‎ ‎‏the‏‎ ‎‏normal‏‎ ‎‏diet‏‎ ‎‏with‏‎ ‎‏training‏‎ ‎‏and‏‎ ‎‏both‏‎ ‎‏high‏‎-‎‏fat‏‎ ‎‏diet‏‎ ‎‏with‏‎ ‎‏training‏‎ (‎‏p=0.013‏‎) ‎‏and‏‎ ‎‏the‏‎ ‎‏high‏‎-‎‏fat‏‎ ‎‏diet‏‎ (‎‏p=0.0001‏‎)‎‏.‏‎ ‎‏For‏‎ ‎‏p16‏‎, ‎‏differences‏‎ ‎‏were‏‎ ‎‏observed‏‎ ‎‏between‏‎ ‎‏the‏‎ ‎‏high‏‎-‎‏fat‏‎ ‎‏diet‏‎ ‎‏groups‏‎ ‎‏and‏‎ ‎‏both‏‎ ‎‏the‏‎ ‎‏normal‏‎ ‎‏diet‏‎ (‎‏p=0.017‏‎) ‎‏and‏‎ ‎‏the‏‎ ‎‏normal‏‎ ‎‏diet‏‎ ‎‏with‏‎ ‎‏training‏‎ (‎‏p=0.006‏‎), ‎‏indicating‏‎ ‎‏that‏‎ ‎‏exercise‏‎ ‎‏reduced‏‎ ‎‏and‏‎ ‎‏high‏‎-‎‏fat‏‎ ‎‏intake‏‎ ‎‏increased‏‎ ‎‏the‏‎ ‎‏expression‏‎ ‎‏of‏‎ ‎‏these‏‎ ‎‏genes.‏‎
‎‏Conclusion‏‎: ‎‏HIIT‏‎ ‎‏positively‏‎ ‎‏influences‏‎ ‎‏the‏‎ ‎‏expression‏‎ ‎‏of‏‎ ‎‏p53‏‎ ‎‏and‏‎ ‎‏p16‏‎ ‎‏in‏‎ ‎‏the‏‎ ‎‏pancreatic‏‎ ‎‏tissue‏‎ ‎‏of‏‎ ‎‏aged‏‎ ‎‏rats‏‎ ‎‏on‏‎ ‎‏a‏‎ ‎‏high‏‎-‎‏fat‏‎ ‎‏diet.‏‎ ‎‏These‏‎ ‎‏findings‏‎ ‎‏suggest‏‎ ‎‏an‏‎ ‎‏improvement‏‎ ‎‏in‏‎ ‎‏pancreatic‏‎ ‎‏tissue‏‎ ‎‏health‏‎ ‎‏and‏‎ ‎‏a‏‎ ‎‏reduction‏‎ ‎‏in‏‎ ‎‏the‏‎ ‎‏adverse‏‎ ‎‏effects‏‎ ‎‏of‏‎ ‎‏high‏‎-‎‏fat‏‎ ‎‏consumption.‏‎
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