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Calcium is an essential mineral with different vital actions. It is the main constituent of bones and teeth and also plays a mjor role in neural conduction, muscle contraction, control of heart rate, coagulation, energy production, endocrine function, and finally, immune function. There is solid evidence to support the beneficial effects of calcium intake on behavioral performrmance of soldiers. Calcium deficiency in soldiers is usually due to inadequate dietry intake or excessive loss in urine or sweat, strenuous exercise can make up for this dietry inadequacy by increasing the bone mass however, weight loss may decrease bone mass in soldiers. Studies about the role of calcium in preventing fractures in soldiers are under way. It seems that the stress caused by military training increases calcium needs in soldiers, whereas the increase in bone mass, resulting from exercise, may itself make up for this increased need. The institute of medicine recommends the adequate intake (AI) and Military Dietry Reference Intakes (MDRI) to be 1000mg/day for men and women during military training and 750-1000mg/day during military operations.

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Fungal Infections are common and can be local or systemic. Due to their resistance to common antibiotics there are few drugs for systemic fungal infections. A complete knowledge of antifungal medications is necessary regarding the critical conditions of flight. In the military section: The Canadian Air force allows the use of oral antifungals like terbinafin and flucconazole for non pilots if no adverse reactions occur after being grounded for one week. Pilots who use these drugs don’t receive the permission for flight even as copilot or with copilot assistance. In the civil section: FAA allows the use of oral antifungals like terbinafin, grisefulvin and itraconazol for the treatment of chronic onycomycoses in the absence of adverse effects. It is noteworthy that in the presence of systemic fungal infections which are potentially life threatening, the decision about the flight status depends firstly on the severity of the disease and secondly on the type of medication and is the duty of the flight surgeon.

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Background: Disability is a major problem affecting both function and economy of the laborers and society. Malignancies represent a significant proportion of health problems in the working population. This study attempts to determine the frequency of disabling malignancies in air force personnel in a period of 11 years (during 1371-1382).
Materials and methods: In a retrospective, cross-sectional design a descriptive-analytical study was conducted on all military and nonmilitary (office workers) personnel who had retired for medical reasons with a diagnosis of cancer during 1371-1382. The SPSS software was used for data analysis.
Results: Among 1931 individuals who had an early retirement foe medical reasons, 160 (8.3%) had cancer. Average age was 41.2±5.9 years. Average lost service years were 7.5±5.6 years. The malignancies of the nervous system were the most common type (46 cases, 28.7%), including brain tumors (36 cases, 22.5%), followed by gastrointestinal cancers (36 cases, 24.5%). There was a significant relation between different service and the type of cancer.
Conclusion: The prevailing disabling cancers were observed in the nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract this is similar to other studies. According to our findings cancers do not seem to be a significant etiology for disability. The higher frequency of gastrointestinal cancers in our study may be related to a certain diet or an unhealthy life style factors that are easily amenable to elimination by proper education.

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Background: Some scientists have defined Intelligence as Compatibility ability in new situations. Military Service provides new situation for the individual that requires changes in behaviors to adapt with the new situation. This study is designed in order to investigate the association between soldier's intelligence and their Compatibility rate.
Materials and methods: The investigation was performed in ex-post facto method. Subjects under study were 62 Besat Hospital soldiers. Intelligence was evaluated by adult raven test. Compatibility rate was evaluated by Bell Test. Statistical Tests included descriptive statistics, mean, standard deviation, charts and analytical statistics (Including Pearson Correlation and one way analysis of variance).
Results: the average of soldiers' age and military service duration were 20.8 and 13.32, respectively. Intelligence quotient mean was 97.38±15.89 SD. Pearson correlation was used to evaluate the association between intelligence and social Compatibility index and yielded a value of r=-0.509. one way analysis of variance was used to Compare Compatibility scores in three intelligence Levels. Difference was significant in 0.01 Level.
Conclusion: With increase intelligence in soldiers, their social Compatibility rate also increased and soldier with higher intelligence quotient have higher Compatibility in new situations.

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Antibiotics are among the commonest prescribed medications. The widespread use of antibiotics and resulting drug resistance has led to the development of new drugs and multi drug regimens. A satisfactory knowledge of this group of drugs is important for the aeromedical examiner considering the critical conditions of flight. This article comprises a brief review of antibiotics and pertinent considerations during a flight. In the military section: the Canadian Air Force recommends that the flight crew using antibiotics be grounded for 4 weeks to allow time for the acute phase of the illness to pass and possible adverse reactions to emerge. Crew can return to duty in the absence of complications. In cases of outpatient and long-term treatment, the individual must be under supervision for at least one week. In the civil section: the Federal Aviation Association (FAA) recommends that crew can continue their duties if no adverse reactions occur after 48 hours of usage or prior use. The lack of interference with flight safety must be considered. It is noteworthy that the final decision about the aptness of use of these drugs is the responsibility of the aeromedical examiner.

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Background: DMF is an important index for evaluation of tooth health, which is used in epidemiologic studies to survey the teeth condition. It indicates the number of decayed, missed and filled teeth.
Materials and methods: In this study, the teeth of 341 of aircrew members were checked up and acquired information were entered to forms. Data were analyzed by SPSS software.
Results: The mean value of D index (decayed teeth), M index (missed teeth), F index (filled teeth), and DMF index were 1.1±1.8, 2.3±3.4, 5.7±3.5, and 9.2±5.1 respectively.
Conclusion: The mean of DMF index in aircrew members (9.2) shows that all of aircrew members have one to nine decayed, missed, or filled teeth. This indicates the need of more serious dentistry care in this important group.

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Background: Mental health is currently one the much debated issues. It aims at keeping the personal and social psyche safe and healthy such that the everyday job is done with the highest degree of efficiency and the subject has good interrelations with the society about him or her. The purpose of this study was thus to compare the personal specifications with the mental health in the office employees of the Shahid Khazraei military education center of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force.
Materials and Methods: This research was a correlation study, in which 60 of the office personnel where chosen randomly and forms of mental health containing physical and psychological fields were distributed between them. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software.
Results: The results revealed that there was a statistically significant relation between age, education, duration of service and income with mental health of an office employee. The study also revealed that the marital status of the employee has no significant effect on the mental health.
Conclusion: We found some of the effective parameters on the mental health of the office employees in the Shahid Khazraei military educational center, by applying the results obtained there is hope for a higher quality of mental health and thus a higher quality in work.

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Military psychology, because of it's variety in the fields of military performance, deals with different subjects. The practical fields consist of evaluation of military personnel, studying human factors and human-technology relationships, effect of environmental factors on forces, considering pathological factors, propagandas and psychological war and psychotherapy and changing behavior. Today, the strategy of military knowledge is based on a tripod of special wars, space wars and psychological operation. Applied psychology serves military needs, according to these Three. The military might of soldier in special wars, space wars and psychological operating, is Knowledge. personality and motivational features, like optimistism, high courage, lack of neurotic indignation symptoms and aggression and suitable conceptual organization was evaluated from the view point of personality and motivational psychology. Preparing the environment that causes the ability of suitable emotional incentives by designing special computer games for soldiers and control of environmental effects like heat, atmosphere changes, color and voice upon cognitive- behavioral performance of soldiers from the view point of environmental psychology and use of propaganda psychology for professionalizing the psychological operations from the view point of military deception, are considered as applicable samples of psychology in military territories.

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Background: Physically induced joints pain is a relatively common finding in military personnel. Occupational factors like level of activity, style of job performance and individual factor like physical composition of body, sex are described as the risk factors. In this study we describe the pattern of joint involvement in the military personnel and compare it with non-military patients. Materials and methods: This descriptive-comparative cross-sectional study was performed in 3 military and 3 non-military hospitals in a 3 year period. A census of all patients with confirmed physically induced joint pain was performed. Patient data in 3 fields of demographic data, occupation (job category) and involved joints was requested. Using frequency matching for sex, age, height and weight 1230 patient enrolled in the study. Analysis performed using chi-square test. Results: 640(52%) patients were military patients and 630(51.2%) patients were male. No significant difference was present in mean age, weight, height and work experience. Male gender was predominant in military patients (53.1%) but in non-military patients it was 49.1%. Distribution of military patients in job categories of combat, logistic, engineering, cultural, security and non governmental were 179(28%), 218(34%), 102(16%), 51(8%), 90(14%), 0% respectively. The distribution has significant association with being military and non-military patients (p<0.001). Conclusion: According to the finding of this study, military patients especially male patients and the ones in security and combat categories are under more physical stress and pressure and are more prone to have joints injuries. Routine evaluation of physical and health and general health, using selected personnel with appropriate body composition in mentioned job categories and enhancement of physical fitness should be considered in military personnel to prevent such injuries

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Iron has a critical role in muscles activity and as a part of hemoglobin it transfers oxygen from lungs to tissues which it does the same action in muscles. Myoglobin as an oxygen receiver can provide the available oxygen for the mitochondria. The iron is required in cytochrome for ATP production. Activities and aerobic exercises will be limited in iron deficiency and anemia caused by it. Vigorous exercises (such as training military personnel) cause a temporary decrease in serums ferritin and hemoglobin. Iron loss through sweat during exercises is one of the things that can cause loss of iron in military personnel. Iron loss through sweat is much more in men than women. This has caused iron's RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance) for military personnel (Men) during training to be estimated 12mg in a day so it can compensate for loss of iron through sweat. Measurement of ferritin is useful for assessing iron in active military people (M.P) if there is a definite lack of iron usage of supplementary iron with vitamin C (for better absorption) will be useful.

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Background: The importance of attention to military forces mental health is an obvious case and supporting the mental hygiene and mental health of military forces are as important as preparing weapons, equipment and military tactics in the battle field, and it is an inevitable case. Determining of the mental health condition and its correlation between working exhaustion and the life satisfaction is the basic object of this research and a meaningful solidarity existence between mental health.
Materials and methods: The present research was correlation cross-sectional study on 250 personnel of a military university. The mental health according to questionnaire SCL90, Job exhaustion according to Moslesh questionnaire SWLS, Were being examined. In this research, we used the descriptive and derived statistics methods.
Results: On the basis of the results of this study, There is a significant relation status the marriage status and extra questions, Psychosis, Phobia, aggression, anxiety, Depression, Obsessive or Compulsive and physical problems(p<0/05), But there is not a significant relation among paranoid thoughts. Findings showed that respect to the significant level of variants, there is a significant relation among the type of degree and extra question, Psychosis, Phobia, aggression, anxiety, paranoid thoughts, in interpersonal relationship sensitivity, Depression, Obsessive or Compulsive, obligation and physical problems (p<0/001). On the basis of findings, there is meaningful relation between life satisfaction and mental health(p<0/001).
Conclusion: mental health of the persons is related to the job burnout and their satisfaction of life.

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Generally it seems that “stress” might be considered as “absence of internal tranquility” which contains positive and/or negative aspects. Occupational stress is defined as “any harmful physical or mental response, occurs due to individual incompatibility with his/her ability” which might lead to aggressive behaviors, occupational injuries, physical diseases and even death. Some factors such as work environment and economic problems have been suggested in the literature as the related risk factors for occupational stress. Occupational stress has not been evaluated properly among Iranian military personnel. However, attention to some factors such as work environment and stress-coping strategies might be useful to reduce occupational stress among this population.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of omega-3 supplement on pulmonary function of ranger troop volunteers who were taking part in classic training.
Materials and methods: For this purpose 41 healthy ranger troop volunteers with age mean of 18.6±0.9 years, height mean of 169.9±9.2 cm, weight mean of 63.5±12.7 kg and BMI mean of 23.7±4.7 kg/m2 participated in this study. Subjects randomly divided into supplement and placebo groups. The both groups performed classic training 4-5 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Then each group was asked to consume 1000 mg/day omega-3 (for supplement group) or placebo (for placebo group) for 8 weeks. The pulmonary tests were measured before and after the study period.
Results: Results indicated that combination of exercise and omega-3 consumption, significantly up-regulated pulmonary variables.
Conclusion: Our study showed that consuming 1000 mg/d omega-3 in the courses of classic training induces positive changes in the lung volumes and capacities of ranger troop volunteers.

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Background: The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of personal and occupational environment on selective attention and executive function. For this reason we compared selective attention and executive function between the military forces and artists and ordinary people (non-military- non-artist).
Materials and methods: In a descriptive analytical study 120 subjects were selected randomly from 3 groups. Data were collected by d2 test for evaluating selective attention and Tower Of London test for assessing executive function. Descriptive statistics, the ANOVA test, and Bonferroni multiple comparison tests were used for data analysis.
Results: The results showed that the selective attention in military forces was higher than both artists and ordinary people. This discrepancy was statistically significant. Executive function, the same as selective attention had significant difference and it was higher in military forces in comparison with two other groups study.
Conclusion: It seems that these psychological characteristics fall under the influence of personal and occupational environment. The result of this study showed that military disciplines may have a relationship with improvement in selective attention and executive function status.

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Background: The functional treatments of sprained ankle are widely used and accepted by physicians. However, reviewing the literature was not conclusive regarding the effectiveness of different kinds of functional treatments. The present study was an attempt to compare orthotic taping with ankle bracing in the treatment of sprained ankle at one of the military schools. Materials and Methods: All injured patients with acute sprained ankle received standard treatments (rest, ice, compressive bandage and elevation) at the clinic. After 5-7 days, 150 patients with grade II and III injury were randomly assigned to two different groups: one group was treated with taping and the other one with bracing for 4 weeks. Standard post-injury training was performed for both groups in the same way. Patients’ satisfaction and their skin complications were assessed using a questionnaire and a numerical scale for outcome evaluation. Then, the functioning of the ankle joint was examined using Karlsson’s scoring scale and its range of motion (ROM). Results: Those treated with bracing reported much more comfort and satisfaction than those treated with taping, and skin complications were significantly lower in them (16.4% vs. 51.9%). However, the ankle joint functioning and the perceived pain were the same for both groups. Conclusion: Treatment of sprained ankle with bracing was more eligible from patients’ point of view, but in the case of the functional aspects, both treatments were found to be the same.

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Background: This study aimed to assess the role of personality traits (five major factors of personality) to predict military students’ resilience level. Materials and Methods: 353 randomly selected students studying at a military university in Iran took part in this correlational study. Two questionnaires were used to collect data on the research variables: NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) with 60 items and Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were run using stepwise method. Results: It was observed that such personality traits as Conscientiousness, Extraversion and Agreeableness were positively and significantly related with Resilience in participants. Only Neuroticism had a significant inverse relation with Resilience, with Openness to experience showing no significant relationship with Resilience. Regression analysis showed that Conscientiousness was the most powerful factor in predicting Resilience. It could predict 34% of the change in Resilience. Also Neuroticism could explain 5% of the variance in the standard variable (i.e. resilience). Conclusion: Totally, two predictor variables could explain 39% of the variance in resilience. Given the results, understanding the personality characteristics can help predict individuals’ resilience in stressful situations.

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Background: Documentation of the armed forces’ health information especially during the crises is essential to optimize health care delivery and management of wounded soldiers’ evacuating process. In this regard, developing the documentation systems in order to increase functionality, efficiency, and veterans’ satisfaction as well as the quality of the care is an undeniable necessity. In this research, a comparative study has been conducted on selected countries to provide recommendations for the improvement of Iran's military medical documentation systems. Materials and Methods: The present study was a descriptive-comparative study aimed to assess military medical documentation systems in selected countries using books, articles, journals, and electronic resources of information. Results: Findings indicated that the USA, Australia and the UK, in contrast with Iran, have their own specific military inpatient and outpatient electronic health records, and they use classification, storage, retrieval, and transmission information systems in order to support the documentation of armed forces’ health data in times of disasters. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, implementation of a military electronic health record which collects all the primary, secondary, dentistry, rehabilitation, and other healthcare data of our country’s armed forces from recruitment to retirement is necessary. Also as part of this record, electronic documentation of the armed forces’ health information in times of crises and in operational areas must be conducted.

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The term “Military Dentistry” always stirs people's curiosity, while military dentistry does not differ much from the discipline of dentistry. This field is the same as the science of dentistry that places in specific situations and locations of military. So, for the welfare of the troops, it should have certain characteristics that are coordinated with the purposes of this group of society. Type of patients, equipment and planning for education in this special group are different from other segments of society. Also, this field requires certain individuals as military dentists, and people also teach them should have special conditions. In this review, it has been tried to clarify the importance of military dentistry. In our country, in order to develop this important branch of the discipline of military medicine, the cooperation of all professionals and researchers in this field is mandatory.

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Background: Nowadays, Suicide is a major public health problem in the worldwide, and an important complication of the industrial world. On the other hand, in military forces, suicide is a mental health problem because these groups have familiar with the use of weapons, the high stress level situations, and a distinct situation from the others. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of problem solving skills in the adjustment and reduction of suicidal ideation of soldiers. Materials and methods: This study was a semi-experimental study (pre- and post- test with control group). Totally, 500 soldiers at a military barracks that having suicidal ideation were studied, and among them 90 soldiers who have had suicidal ideation were screened and then were randomly divided into two groups (the control group and problem solving group). Both groups were measured twice, once in the pre-test and once in the post-test, finally their rates of suicidal ideation were compered. The problem solving skills was conducted only for treatment groups and control group did not receive any training. Beck’s Suicidal Ideation Scale was used to measure suicidal ideation. The data were analyzed by SPSS software and covariance methods were used. Results: The mean age of experimental group and control group were 23.51± 2.418 and 23.02±2.241, respectively. The groups had no difference in age and education. The results showed that problem-solving skills training is effective in reducing suicidal thoughts in soldiers (p<0.01). In other words, suicidal ideation had a significant decrease in problem solving groups compared with the control group. Conclusion: Problem-solving skills training can be effective in reducing suicidal thoughts of soldiers. It is suggested that the protocol of problem-solving skills be used to raise hopes and reduce thoughts and suicide attempts.

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Z1,M1, * L2, E1 AbstractBackground: The family is the smallest and almost fundamental community in all societies and cultures, and its mental health has influence on bigger communities. The happiness level is the most significant issue that is related to human health, especially women in the family whose happiness is related to their spouse's gratitude. The aim of this research was to evaluate the relationship between gratitude, happiness and mental health among women in military families. Materials and methods: In a correlation descriptive study, 302 women of 1400 wives were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling from military families in west of Tehran in 2013. To collect data, Goldberg's general health questionnaire and Oxford happiness questionnaire and Gratitude questionnaire was used. The data were analyzed using the Pierson’s correlation coefficient and Stepwise regression analysis. Results: There was a positive correlation between gratitude and happiness (p=0.01). There was a negative correlation (regarding the method of scoring) between gratitude, happiness and mental health among women in military families. Conclusion: The happiness parameter can predict the women’s mental health.