@article{ author = {Raiy, A and Farzampour, SH and Mehrparvar, AH}, title = {Assessment of noise-induced hearing loss in the staff of Yazd Airport, 2010-2011}, abstract ={Background: Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a complex disease caused by interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Airport environment, as a source of noise, imposes loud noise on its staff and adjacent inhabitants. The aim of this study was to determine frequency of NIHL in staff of Yazd (Shahid Sadoughi) Airport in 20I0-2011. Materials and methods: In this descriptive study, 106 subjects were collected by consecutive sampling from different parts of the airport. Three types of classification were applied, on the basis of workplace noise intensity, employment years, and daily work hours. Auditory status was assessed by pure tone audiometry. Workplace noise levels were also measured in flight and non-flight situations. Results: The airport noise was intermittent and its intensity exceeded 85 dB in some situations. Among flight situations highest intensities were recorded respectively at the time of "on the runway", "ready to fly", descent" and "ascent "Among non-flight situations, "electricity generator", "siren of ground security" and "flight guidance consul" had intensities higher than flight situations. (Respectively 109,103, and 94.4 dB) Regarding pure tone audiometry, significant decrease of hearing threshold was more frequent at 4, 6 and 8 kHz (i.e. 8.7%, 14.6% and 18.4% respectively in right ear, and 13.2%, 21% and 16.2% respectively in left ear).Thirty three percent of staff had NIHL. NIHL rate was higher in exposed subjects than non-exposed ones (42. 1% vs. 28.9% P-value=0.039). Although, employment years had a significant impact on NIHL (p<0/001), daily work hours had no effect. Conclusion: Airport environment noise caused hearing loss among airport staff, although it exceeded non-hazardous level only in few conditions.}, Keywords = {Noise, Noise-Induced Hearing Loss, Airport}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-11}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-136-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-136-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Khoshdel, AR and SeyedJafari, M and Heidari, ST and Abtahi, F and Abdi, AR}, title = {Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors, and metabolic syndrome among military parachutists}, abstract ={Background: The cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of present study was to determine prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome among military parachutists in Iran. Materials and methods: In a cross-sectional study on 96 military parachutists, arterial blood pressure, weight, height, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profile were assessed and then the rate of metabolic syndrome was evaluated. Results: Mean age was 37.4 years. Totally, 24 (25%) parachutists fulfilled the criteria of hypertension, while 36 (37.5%) exhibited blood pressure in the range of pre-hypertension. Five (5.2%) cases suffered from diabetes mellitus and 4 (4.2%) were pre-diabetics. Hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia was seen in 23 (24%) and 46 (47%) participants, respectively. The rate of metabolic syndrome based on ATP III and IDF criteria was 5.2% (5 cases) and 13.5% (13 cases), respectively. Conclusions: Although war-related stressors and high intensity physical activities are associated with both acute cardiac events and cardiac risk factors, our data is in favor of lower frequency of cardiovascular risk factors among military parachutists. However, routine monitoring of military parachutists is necessary to find the cardiovascular risk factors.}, Keywords = {Cardiovascular, Metabolic Syndrome, Parachuting}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {12-18}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-137-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-137-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Abdolmohammadi, K and Ghorban, KH and Dormanesh, B and Dadmanesh, M and Zarei, S}, title = {Cellular and humoral immunity investigation in the Air Force Pilots of Islamic Republic of Iran}, abstract ={Background: Aviation can be a stressful environment for human. The pilots can suffer from great anxiety during military air travels. Apart from stress, microgravity, cosmic radiations and low oxygen pressure in high altitude, can affect the physiological systems of human body, especially the immune system. The purpose of this study is to investigate different parts of the immune system in the air force pilots. Materials and methods: In a case-control study, twenty pilots were compared with control group cellular surface markers CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD56 using flow cytometry technique. IgM and IgG levels against herpes simplex virus 1, 2(HSV-1,2), Cytomegalovirus(CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were also analyzed by ELISA method. Results: The results of this study showed that peripheral blood neutrophil cells percentage, cytotoxic T cells ( and natural killer cells ( were significantly higher in the pilots compared to the control group (p<0.05). In contrary, total peripheral blood lymphocytes percentage and helper T cells ( were significantly lower in the pilots (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that aviation can change pilots' immune system, especially their cellular immunity.}, Keywords = {Aviation, Immune Systems, Cellular Immunity}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {19-27}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-138-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-138-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Kermani, MR and khoshdel, AR}, title = {Evaluation of anthropometric and physiological indices for physical conditions of military soldiers of Islamic Republic of Iran}, abstract ={Background: Physical fitness is one of the most important causes of superiority in the battle fields so determining and ability to predict fitness is always an important goal for all armed forces universally. In this project the authors try to measure physical f itness of Iranian army personnel and simultaneously measure some of the physiologic indices to investigate their relationship with physical fitness indices. Materials and methods: 200 personnel of Iranian Army aged 22 to 59 years old enrolled in the study. First the subjects filled a questionnaire about their history of previous illnesses then physical examination was performed by a sport medicine specialist, followed by Anthropometric and flexibility measurements and the body composition estimation using Bioelectric Impedance Analyzer. The cardio-respiratory fitness of subjects was measured. Fasting serum total cholesterol, Triglyceride, LDL, HDL and FBS and Hemoglobin concentration were also measured. The data were analyzed using Enter and Backward Linear Regression and the best model for predicting physical fitness indices determined. Results: The mean average and maximal force of subjects were 48.52±13.7 and 77±18.6. The mean flexibility measured using Sit & Reach test was 42.44±9.92. We could find statistically significant relations between Fitness indices and physiologic Biomarkers but only two models could predict the variation of Stress test time and distance (R2=0.746, P Value<0.001). Conclusion: Estimation of cardio-respiratory fitness using measured biomarkers is possiblei it is highly suggested to measure indices and physiologic biomarkers in operational personnel of army.}, Keywords = {Physical Conditionings, Armed Forces Personnel , Bioelectrical Impedance }, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {28-36}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-139-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-139-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Azma, K and Mohamadi, F and Naseh, E and Emodifard, R}, title = {Evaluation of military exercises effect joint position senses of ankle and its relation with musculoskeletal injuries among soldiers}, abstract ={Background: The high incidence of lower limb overuse and acute injuries that occur in military populations suggests that fatigue may contribute to altered neuromuscular control of the ankle and knee joints. Moreover, deficits in ankle and knee joint position senses (JPSs) were seen in subjects with history of lower limb musculoskeletal injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate if military exercises could alter the ankle JPS and to examine the possible relation of JPS to further lower limb musculoskeletal injuries in military service. Materials and methods: 50 male conscripts from a unique base with same military training were recruited. Subjects were asked to recognize pre-determined position of the dominant ankle (21 degree of plantar flexion) before and after military exercises by continuous passive motion device (CPM). The average of the absolute error (AE) of three trials was recorded as scores for both conditions and results were compared. The subjects were followed for 8 weeks for any musculoskeletal injuries and the relationship between the incidence of lower limbinjury and JPS were determined by paired t-test. Results: There was significant decrease in subject's ability to recognize passive and active repositioning of their ankle joint after a session of military protocol (p<0.001). There was a strong correlation between lower JPS acuity and occurrence of injury (r= 0.86, p<0.001 ). Conclusion: The acuity of the ankle JPS is reduced subsequent to military exercises. Decreasing JPS accuracy was associated with growing incidence of lower limb musculoskeletal injuries.}, Keywords = {Proprioception, Fatigue, Ankle Joints}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {37-43}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-140-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-140-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Noruzpour, A and Modaghegh, MH and Khoshdel, AR and Kazemzadeh, GH.H}, title = {Evaluation of trauma system in the pre-hospital approaches for patients with bullet trauma in Mashhad}, abstract ={Background: The initial treatment of patients with gun shot trauma, before reaching proper care, can be effective in patient’s morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trauma system in the pre-hospital approaches for patients with bullet trauma. Materials and Methods: In this study, the bullet trauma patients presenting in four major hospitals in Mashhad between 2010 and 2011 were studied. Results: A total of 66 patients admitted to our hospitals (51 with directly admission and 15 were referred from other centers). The most common anatomic site of injury was extremities (60.6%) and the highest mortality rate was seen in patients with more than one site injury (e.g. chest and abdomen). The length of stay in hospital had no significant difference in these groups (P = 0.188). Also, the length of stay in hospital was similar between patients who were transferred with ambulance and others who were transferred with other vehicles (P = 0.553). Conclusion: Similarity in the length of stay in hospital between emergency ambulance and other vehicles transmitted patients reflects the need for more strengthening the manpower and equipments in the health care in emergency services.}, Keywords = {Gunshot Wound, Triages, emergency medical services}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {44-50}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-141-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-141-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Niksirat, SA and Kazemi, MR and Mirzababaiy, H}, title = {Neurofeedback and the need for its use in training pilots}, abstract ={Background: Neurofeedback is a new technique recently used in various fields such as mental, physical, educational and military with favorable results in improving brain function. This paper is a brief overview of the principles and concepts of neurofeedback and it effectiveness and the ways to use it in military training, especially in the area of aviation and pilot training. Materials and methods: A search through the contents of the internal and external Web sites and psychiatric textbooks was performed. Results: In this study of neurofeedback applications are described and the methods and systems for military training are provided, with emphasis on pilots’ training and their mental performance enhancement. Conclusion: Since the neurofeedback had effects on improving brain function in several studies and also used in developing countries in different areas, it can be helpful for pilot training to increase efficiency and reduce errors.}, Keywords = {Neurofeedbacks, Brain, Aviation}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {51-55}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-142-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-142-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Eslami, R and Khoshvaghti, A and Nezami, A}, title = {Factors in Predicting the severity of neurological decompression sickness in scuba divers}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {Decompression Sickness, Diving, Neurologic Symptoms}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {56-59}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-143-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-143-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Sobhani, V and Hajizadeh, B and Bazgir, B and Shamsoldini, A.R and Kazemipour, M and Shakibaey, A}, title = {The effects of omega-3 supplement on pulmonary function of ranger troop volunteers participated in classic training}, abstract ={Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of omega-3 supplement on pulmonary function of ranger troop volunteers who were taking part in classic training. Materials and methods: For this purpose 41 healthy ranger troop volunteers with age mean of 18.6±0.9 years, height mean of 169.9±9.2 cm, weight mean of 63.5±12.7 kg and BMI mean of 23.7±4.7 kg/m2 participated in this study. Subjects randomly divided into supplement and placebo groups. The both groups performed classic training 4-5 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Then each group was asked to consume 1000 mg/day omega-3 (for supplement group) or placebo (for placebo group) for 8 weeks. The pulmonary tests were measured before and after the study period. Results: Results indicated that combination of exercise and omega-3 consumption, significantly up-regulated pulmonary variables. Conclusion: Our study showed that consuming 1000 mg/d omega-3 in the courses of classic training induces positive changes in the lung volumes and capacities of ranger troop volunteers.}, Keywords = {Lung Capacities, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Military Medicine}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {4-10}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-166-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-166-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Bagheri, F and Manteghiyan, E and Taghva, A}, title = {Comparison of selective attention and executive function between the military forces, artists and ordinary people (non-military – non-artist)}, abstract ={Background: The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of personal and occupational environment on selective attention and executive function. For this reason we compared selective attention and executive function between the military forces and artists and ordinary people (non-military- non-artist). Materials and methods: In a descriptive analytical study 120 subjects were selected randomly from 3 groups. Data were collected by d2 test for evaluating selective attention and Tower Of London test for assessing executive function. Descriptive statistics, the ANOVA test, and Bonferroni multiple comparison tests were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that the selective attention in military forces was higher than both artists and ordinary people. This discrepancy was statistically significant. Executive function, the same as selective attention had significant difference and it was higher in military forces in comparison with two other groups study. Conclusion: It seems that these psychological characteristics fall under the influence of personal and occupational environment. The result of this study showed that military disciplines may have a relationship with improvement in selective attention and executive function status.}, Keywords = {Attention, Executive Function, Military, Personnel}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {11-17}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-167-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-167-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Rasooli, Z and Eslami, R and Khademi, A}, title = {Evaluation of relationship between somatic symptoms, anxiety, depression and social function with emotional intelligence in the pilots}, abstract ={Background: Emotional intelligence contains awareness, regulation and expression of a wide scope of emotions. Therefore, the ability of recognizing and controlling of these emotions is an important aspect in emotional intelligence, and disability in each of these skills leads to disorders such as anxiety and mood disorders. So, we should teach the individuals these emotional intelligence skills to reduce the risk of disorders and improve their performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between somatic symptoms, anxiety, depression and social function with emotional intelligence among the pilots. Materials and methods: In a cross - sectional study, 60 participants were selected by simple randomized sampling. They filled out two questionnaires: 1) GHQ-28, General Health Questionnaire 2) Sharing Emotional Intelligence questionnaire. The data were collected and analyzed by Pearson's correlation and regression analysis. Results: The results showed a significant correlation between emotional intelligence and depression, anxiety, social function and physical symptoms (P <0.01). None of variables were the predictor factor of emotional intelligence. Conclusion: The study found that there is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological well-being and it may increase the mental health and performance with emotional intelligence training programs among the pilots.}, Keywords = {Emotional Intelligences, Anxiety, Depression, Aviation}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {18-22}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-168-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-168-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {aghili, S.A.L and Emamian, S and Azimi, M}, title = {Investigation of shooters’ body characteristics effect on weapon recoil injury}, abstract ={Background: One of the most important parameters in reducing the army force function is the injuries which are caused by unallowable shoulder weapon recoil energy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of shooters’ body characteristics on shoulder weapon recoil injury and determine the optimal age range for minimizing these injuries. Materials and methods: In a descriptive-analytical study 15 soldiers of a garrison were selected voluntarily. They were asked to shoot 15 times a day and between each shot, they were questioned about the pain and recoil they had experienced. Results: Of the 15 volunteers, 14 demonstrated evidence of injury in the anterior shoulder (deltoid muscle). According to bruise definition, force is divided in two groups: the first one had minor injuries (40%) and the second had moderate injuries (60%). Three anthropometric variables were found to have predictive value on injury severity such as height, weight and dominant handgrip strength which were 177.29 cm, 80.36 kg, and 52.82 kg for the first group respectively and for the second one were 171.03 cm, 71.036 kg and 42.34 kg. Conclusion: Dominant handgrip strength was introduced as most effective parameter on recoil injury in human body characteristics.}, Keywords = {Weapon, Body Constitution, Injury}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {23-27}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-169-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-169-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Abbasi, S and Mehdizadeh, S and Moqaddam, M}, title = {The relationship between fatigue and mental health in chemical warfare victims with bronchiolitis obliterans}, abstract ={Background: Fatigue is one of the most debilitating symptoms in patients with respiratory disorders. In addition, mental disorders have a high frequency among chronic pulmonary disease. This study was applied to assess the relationship between fatigue and mental health in chemical victims with bronchiolitis obliterans. Materials and methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 93 chemical warfare victims with bronchiolitis obliterans were selected and referred to respiratory clinic of Baghiatallah Hospital. Fatigue and mental health was measured with fatigue severity scale (FSS) and general health questionnaire (GHQ-12). Results: The majority of patients (80.6%) suffered from severe fatigue. Of the patients, 77.4% had no desirable mental health. There was a significant relationship between fatigue and mental health (P<0.0001). Conclusion: Fatigue and poor mental health status in the study population suggested the necessity of paying more attention to these two variables for health promotion and improve quality of life in chemical warfare victims.}, Keywords = {Fatigue, Mental Health, Chemical Warfare Agents, Bronchiolitis Obliterans}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {28-32}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-170-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-170-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Donyavi, V and Taghva, A and Dabaghi, P and Shafighi, S and Mortazavi, S.M.A and Khademi, M}, title = {Evaluation of mental health status using the 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) among wives of military PTSD patients}, abstract ={Background: This study aimed to assess the mental health status in partners of military personnel who were suffering from PTSD and had been referred to 505 Hospital. Materials and methods: In a case control study with a non-random sampling, 40 patients who met the inclusion criteria and 40 controls were selected. They were asked to fill in the GHQ-28. PTSD was diagnosed according to DSM-IV Results: Totally, 55% of cases and 27.5% of controls had general health problem with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). There were also significant differences between two groups about somatic, anxious, depression, and social function (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our evaluation showed that general health in wives of military personnel with PTSD is lower in comparison with those without PTSD.}, Keywords = {PTSD, wife, Mental Health}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {33-37}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-171-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-171-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mehryari, A.R and Moradli, GH.A}, title = {Importance of recombinant vaccines for immunizing against biological agents in army forces}, abstract ={Background: Vaccination is one of the most efficient ways of prevention and immunization against infectious agents. This article aimed to review the importance of recombinant vaccines for immunizing against biological agents in army forces Materials and methods: This study was performed by searching through the internal and external websites and textbooks of military medicines Results: Killed or attenuated pathogens and inactivated toxins all are normally used for vaccination. But some complications have been seen due to existence of different antigens in their compound. On the other hand there are many new-found infectious agents we don’t have any efficient vaccine for them. For this reason it’s necessary to utilize the new technologies for recombinant vaccines. Conclusion: Various applications of recombinant vaccines not only in public health but also in military medicine play an important roles and development in this field can cause a great prosperity in personnel’s health status.}, Keywords = {Recombinant Vaccines, Agents, Biologic, Armed forces, Immunizations}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {38-44}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-172-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-172-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Kazemi, M.R and Alizadeh, K and Nicksirat, A}, title = {The psychological effect of aerospace, marine and submarine long-term missions}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {Psychological Factors, Aerospace Medicine, Submarine Medicine}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {45-47}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-173-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-173-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Najafipour, F and Najafipour, F}, title = {Comparison of orthotic taping and ankle bracing in treatment of sprained ankle at a military school}, abstract ={Background: The functional treatments of sprained ankle are widely used and accepted by physicians. However, reviewing the literature was not conclusive regarding the effectiveness of different kinds of functional treatments. The present study was an attempt to compare orthotic taping with ankle bracing in the treatment of sprained ankle at one of the military schools. Materials and Methods: All injured patients with acute sprained ankle received standard treatments (rest, ice, compressive bandage and elevation) at the clinic. After 5-7 days, 150 patients with grade II and III injury were randomly assigned to two different groups: one group was treated with taping and the other one with bracing for 4 weeks. Standard post-injury training was performed for both groups in the same way. Patients’ satisfaction and their skin complications were assessed using a questionnaire and a numerical scale for outcome evaluation. Then, the functioning of the ankle joint was examined using Karlsson’s scoring scale and its range of motion (ROM). Results: Those treated with bracing reported much more comfort and satisfaction than those treated with taping, and skin complications were significantly lower in them (16.4% vs. 51.9%). However, the ankle joint functioning and the perceived pain were the same for both groups. Conclusion: Treatment of sprained ankle with bracing was more eligible from patients’ point of view, but in the case of the functional aspects, both treatments were found to be the same.}, Keywords = { Orthotic tape, Brace, Military, Ankle sprain}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {4-9}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-183-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-183-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Dadarkhah, A and Azema, K and Abedi, M}, title = {Prevalence of musculoskeletal pains among nursing staff in AJA hospitals-Tehran}, abstract ={Background: Prevalence determination of musculoskeletal disorders in high risk jobs has a significant role in early diagnosis of these disorders, identification of the related risk factors, and their effective prevention and treatment. The present study was an attempt to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among the military hospital nursing staff. Materials and methods: 200 nursing staff working in AJA hospitals (74% female and 26% male mean age 33.06±7 years) took part in this study by completing the Nordic questionnaire. Also demographic information on participants’ BMI, age, marital status and job experience was collected. Paired samples t-tests were run in order to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics were also used for examining the distribution of musculoskeletal disorders. The relationship between such disorders and participants’ BMI, age, and job experiences was also checked. Results: According to the results, the musculoskeletal disorders in nurses were: low back pain (LBP) 47.8%, neck pain 45.8%, knee pain 43.8%, shoulder pain 43/8%, back pain 37.3%, foot pain 29.4%, wrist pain 22.4%, hip pain 15.9%, and elbow pain 14.4%. The prevalence of leg pain significantly increased as body mass index (BMI) and age (p<0.05) increased. Also pain in shoulder, back, elbow, wrist, hip, and knee increased as participants’ job experience increased (p<0.05). The prevalence of low back pain and wrist pain in married staff was more than single ones (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that the most common areas of musculoskeletal pain in military nursing staff were the low back, neck, knee and shoulder. It is suggests that avoiding exposure to risk factors and using protective methods be used in order to prevent such disorders.}, Keywords = {Musculoskeletal disease, Nurse, Prevalence}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {10-17}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-184-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-184-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Dabaghi, P and Taghva, A and minashiri, K}, title = {On the relationship between psychological empowerment and job satisfaction in military forces}, abstract ={Background: Human resources play an important role in the success or failure of an organization, and the society’s development largely depends on improving its human resources. Job satisfaction and employees’ psychological empowerment are two concepts in line with the development of human resources. In this regard, we aimed to investigate the relationship between psychological empowerment and job satisfaction in the military forces. Materials and methods: Totally, 300 armed force personnel (Sepah, Army, and Police) were selected using convenience sampling method, and the standardized questionnaires of job satisfaction (Job Descriptive Index: JDI) and psychological empowerment (Spreitzer) were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics as well as Pearson’s correlation and stepwise regression analysis were run using SPSS 16 for data analysis. Results: The results showed that job satisfaction and psychological empowerment had a significant positive relationship (p=0.001). Also stepwise regression analysis showed that total psychological empowerment was the first and most important variable for predicting job satisfaction among the predictor variables, explaining %78 of the criterion variance. The variables of Influence, Competence, and Meaningfulness were respectively entered into the equation and were observed to explain 82%, 83%, and 81% of the criterion variance, respectively. Conclusion: It was observed that higher psychological empowerment was associated with higher levels of job satisfaction among armed force personnel.}, Keywords = {Job Satisfactions, Empowerment, Psychology, Armed forces personnel}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {18-26}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-185-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-185-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Jahanbakhsh, Z and NezamiAsl, A}, title = {Quality assessment of abstracts appearing in the first and second Aerospace and Submarine Medicine Congress}, abstract ={Background: Seminars and congresses provide an academic atmosphere to present unpublished data and new scientific achievements. In this regard, assessing the quality of such academic events can play an important role in developing their scientific values and identifying their weaknesses. Materials and methods: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, the abstracts of the two recently held aerospace and submarine medicine congresses were evaluated. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results: Results showed that the majority of the presented articles (about 90%) were review articles and only about 10% of contributors had submitted original research studies. In addition, the affiliation of the corresponding author in most articles was AJA University of Medical Sciences (64% and 86.7% in the first and the second congress, respectively). Toxicity and occupational medicine were the most frequent subjects (40% and 28.2%, respectively). Conclusion: The results indicated that the quality of abstracts presented in both congresses was not satisfactory. It seems necessary to find a proper strategy to improve the scientific and research quality of such events in future.}, Keywords = {Abstracts, Aerospace and submarine medicine, Congress}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {27-34}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-186-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-186-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Nodjoumi, S and Bahrami, H}, title = {The role of personality traits in predicting military students’ resilience}, abstract ={Background: This study aimed to assess the role of personality traits (five major factors of personality) to predict military students’ resilience level. Materials and Methods: 353 randomly selected students studying at a military university in Iran took part in this correlational study. Two questionnaires were used to collect data on the research variables: NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) with 60 items and Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were run using stepwise method. Results: It was observed that such personality traits as Conscientiousness, Extraversion and Agreeableness were positively and significantly related with Resilience in participants. Only Neuroticism had a significant inverse relation with Resilience, with Openness to experience showing no significant relationship with Resilience. Regression analysis showed that Conscientiousness was the most powerful factor in predicting Resilience. It could predict 34% of the change in Resilience. Also Neuroticism could explain 5% of the variance in the standard variable (i.e. resilience). Conclusion: Totally, two predictor variables could explain 39% of the variance in resilience. Given the results, understanding the personality characteristics can help predict individuals’ resilience in stressful situations.}, Keywords = {Personality, Psychological resilience, Military}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {35-42}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-187-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-187-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Zaboli, R and Seyed, H and NejatiZarnaqi, B and Khalilifar, O}, title = {Functional analysis of hospital management in selected military hospitals using Weisbord\'s}, abstract ={Introduction: Reviewing hospital performance not only can identify the strengths of that organization but can also improve our understanding of hospital management. This study aimed to analyze the functional aspects of hospital management in selected military hospitals using Weisbord's six-box model. Material and Methods: The present study, which was a descriptive and analytical one, was carried out in 5 selected military hospitals in 2013. Data collection was done using a standardized questionnaire whose validity and reliability had already been confirmed (α =%88). 280 randomly selected employees, determined using Cochran’s formula, took part in this study. Results: The results showed that having a clear organizational structure with a mean of 4.08±0.27 achieved the highest score while having a clear rewarding mechanism with a mean of 2.98±1.25 received the lowest rating in the Weisbord's six-box model. Generally, the functional aspects of management in the studied hospitals were acceptable. Significant relationships were observed between the inter-organizational communication and the organization's rewarding mechanism (p=0.04), the organizational structure index and the rewarding mechanism (p=0.03), and the existing job coordination and having pre-specified organizational goals (p=0.01). Conclusion: The focus of the senior management team on the functional aspects of management in hospitals can improve their performance. Due to the significance and diversity of military hospital performance and missions, the assessment of the organization’s internal environment, present conditions, and performance as well as the identification of its problems and potentials seem to be quite necessary.}, Keywords = {Management, Wiesbord’s Model, Hospitals}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {43-49}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-188-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-188-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Ziari, K and Alizadeh, K and Rezvanfar, MA}, title = {Bacillus Anthracis as a biological warfare agent}, abstract ={Background: According to the sociological analyses, in today’s societies, terrorism is one of the dire threats of the 21st century. The use of biological weapons, while rare, has a long history. Recently, the use of anthrax has been considered as one of the most dangerous biological threats. Materials and methods: This study was carried out by searching ‘bioterrorism,’ ‘anthrax,’ and ‘biological weapon’ as keywords in Google and PubMed data bases from 1990 to 2013. Results: Anthrax, a gram-positive bacterium, has typically been associated with three forms: cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and inhalational infection. Currently a fourth disease form has been reported (i.e. injectional anthrax) which is characterized by severe soft tissue infection and is prevalent among injection drug users. While cutaneous anthrax is the most common form of disease, vivid clinical scenarios and well-timed diagnosis can provide satisfactory outcome. Inhalational anthrax is the most fatal type of the disease. However, due to the similarity of the symptoms among patients with gastrointestinal, inhalational or injectional anthrax, they may have advanced infection at presentation. Once anthrax is suspected, the diagnosis can usually be made with gram staining and blood or tissue culturing followed by confirmatory testing (e.g. PCR). Although antibiotics are the mainstay of anthrax treatment, use of adjunctive therapies such as anthrax toxin antagonist, corticosteroids, mechanical ventilation and vaccination should be taken into consideration as well. Conclusion: Progress in detection, suitable vaccines, post exposure prophylaxis, infection control and decontamination are serious tools in fighting against the most powerful biological weapons. To assure that the public health and health care systems can respond to emergencies, the governments should provide medication stockpiles and improve the public health infrastructures in order to strengthen the emergency response system.}, Keywords = {Public health, Bioterrorism, Biological warfare agents, Anthrax}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {50-58}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-192-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-192-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Jahantab, H and Dargahi, H and Safdari, R and Tofighi, SH}, title = {Comparative study of military medical documentation systems in the USA, Australia, the UK and Iran}, abstract ={Background: Documentation of the armed forces’ health information especially during the crises is essential to optimize health care delivery and management of wounded soldiers’ evacuating process. In this regard, developing the documentation systems in order to increase functionality, efficiency, and veterans’ satisfaction as well as the quality of the care is an undeniable necessity. In this research, a comparative study has been conducted on selected countries to provide recommendations for the improvement of Iran's military medical documentation systems. Materials and Methods: The present study was a descriptive-comparative study aimed to assess military medical documentation systems in selected countries using books, articles, journals, and electronic resources of information. Results: Findings indicated that the USA, Australia and the UK, in contrast with Iran, have their own specific military inpatient and outpatient electronic health records, and they use classification, storage, retrieval, and transmission information systems in order to support the documentation of armed forces’ health data in times of disasters. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, implementation of a military electronic health record which collects all the primary, secondary, dentistry, rehabilitation, and other healthcare data of our country’s armed forces from recruitment to retirement is necessary. Also as part of this record, electronic documentation of the armed forces’ health information in times of crises and in operational areas must be conducted.}, Keywords = {Information system, Military medicine, Documentation}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {59-66}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-191-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-191-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Chalbiani, S and Nezami-Asl, A and Khoshvaghti, A and Nourmohammadi, A and Arsang, A and Ghioumi, S and Amirpour, S}, title = {Effect of supplemental zinc on the E.coli infection in vitro model of space travel}, abstract ={Background: Zinc has several positive effects on the immune system's defense against infectious agents. However, very little research has been done on its effects in terms of microgravity. Materials and methods: In this study, 24 rats randomly selected for four groups, two groups microgravity simulation (TS) and two groups of normal gravity (F) which were supply with or without oral zinc supplements. After two weeks, Enteropathogenic E.coli peritoneal injection was carried out and after 24 hours specimens of blood, peritoneal fluid, and spleen tissue were cultured. The statistical analysis was performed on tables provide the number of grown colonies. Results: TS groups compared to the F groups had greater numbers of colonies (p≤0.05). It was observed that adding supplemental zinc to the diet either in TS or F groups would reduce the number of colonies grown in cultures of blood, peritoneal fluid, and spleen. Conclusion: The present study revealed the extent of bacterial infection in microgravity is over the normal gravity mode. The administration of oral zinc supplementation, in both microgravity and normal gravity, leads to reduce the bacterial infection. As a result, the use of oral zinc supplement is recommended for reducing and controlling bacterial infection in space travel.}, Keywords = {Keywords: Aerospace medicine, Microgravity, Zinc sulfate, E. coli}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {4-9}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-213-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-213-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mohammadi, S and Madizadeh, R and Khoshdel, AR and Mirzaii-Dizgah, I}, title = {The effect of blood flow restricted resistance training on serum hormone levels in relation to muscle size and strength in young men}, abstract ={Background: Resistance training is one of the most essential components of exercise programs. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of blood flow restricted resistance (BFR) training on serum levels of growth hormone (GH) and insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Materials and methods: A total of 30 healthy young men (aged 19-24 yrs) were volunteered for this study. Subjects were randomly assigned into three groups: a low intensity blood flow restricted resistance exercise (BFR) group (20% of 1-RM, 3 sets 15 reps), a traditional high intensity resistance exercise without blood flow restriction (HI) group (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 80% of 1-RM) and a control group. Both BFR and HI groups trained 3 days per week for 3 weeks for knee extension and squat exercises. Fasting growth hormone (GH) and IGF-1 levels were measured in the morning pre- and post- exercise sessions. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA in the level of p< 0.05. Results: GH and IGF-1 significantly increased in post exercise in BFR group compared to baseline (P<0.05). GH significantly increased in post exercise in HI group compared to baseline (P<0.05). After 3 weeks, serum GH and IGF-1 levels increased significantly in BFR group compared to HI and control groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, short term BFR exercise stimulated increases in anabolic hormones in young men.}, Keywords = {Resistance Training, Muscle Strength, Growth Hormone, Insulin-like growth factor 1}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {10-16}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-214-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-214-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Ebadi, M and Sharififar, ST and Zareiyan, A}, title = {Comparison of the effects of conventional and simulation teaching methods on nursing students’ knowledge in personal protection in chemical attacks}, abstract ={Background: Protections of individual and collective is the first step defense against contamination by chemical agents. This study was designed to compare the effect of conventional and simulation training on nursing students’ knowledge in Personal protection in chemical attacks. Materials and methods: In this training trial study, 78 nursing students from AJA University of Medical Sciences were selected and allocated randomly to two groups of simulation and conventional education. Data collection included a researcher-made questionnaire which was completed by nursing students before and two weeks after education. Its validity was determined by content validity method and its reliability by test/retest. Data was analyzed using descriptive and interpretive statistical methods by SPSS software. Results: Knowledge scores means in the two methods of simulation and conventional education increased from 22.67 and 21.95 (P=0.204) before education to 26.22 and 26.31 (P=0.846) after education. Mean scores of knowledge in the two methods significantly increased after education (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two methods concerning knowledge scores means. Conclusion: The present study showed that education is necessary for increasing knowledge, but there was no significant difference between the two methods concerning knowledge scores means in personal protection in chemical attacks.}, Keywords = {Chemical warfare, Safety, Nursing students}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {17-23}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-215-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-215-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Avakh, F and Mahdavi, A and Ebrahimi, MR}, title = {The relation of self-mutilation and personality disorders among military soldiers}, abstract ={Background: Mental disorders are one of most common reason for early separation of soldiers from the military service. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relation of self-mutilation and personality disorder among soldiers. Materials and methods: In this case-control study, 30 soldiers referred to an army psychiatric hospital (cases) and 30 soldiers referred to another military health center (controls) were evaluated for personality disorders by clinical interviews on the basis of DSM-IV criteria. The frequency of self-mutilation and personality disorders were then analyzed by SPSS statistical software. Results: Totally, 63.3% of case group and 6.7% of control group had history of self-mutilation. The frequency of personality disorders was 56.7% and 20% in cases and controls, respectively. In case group, 78.9% and 18.2% of patients, respectively, with and without a history of self-mutilation, had cluster B personality disorder (P=0.002). This difference remain significant among control group (P=0.003). Conclusion: Regarding the relationship between self-mutilation with cluster B personality and impulsivity of these personalities, detection and preventive treatment of patients or exempt in severe cases prior to entering military service may be useful for reducing the incidence of self-mutilation and suicide.}, Keywords = {Soldiers, Personality Disorder, Self-Mutilation}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {24-29}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-216-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-216-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mehrabi, N and Sadeghi, M}, title = {The comparison of health information management system in physical medicine clinic of a military hospital with civilian university hospitals in Tehran city}, abstract ={Background: Health information management system has an irrefutable role in raising quality level of treatment and health care. The aim of this study was to compare health information management system in physical medicine clinic of a military hospital and civilian university hospitals in Tehran city. Materials and methods: It is a descriptive cross-sectional survey. The check lists were revised through study in library and hospital information services. A pilot study was performed in a sample hospital to find out the problems of the check lists and then they were distributed among research subjects. Simple random method was carried out in 200 selection patient cases. Results: Findings indicated that the relative frequency of recording information elements present in outpatient cases referring to physical medicine clinic was 71% in military hospital and 69%, 65%, and 50% in other hospitals. Also, the rate of facilities (human resources, place, equipment, and process) was 47% in military hospital and 79%, 58%, and 21% in other hospitals. Conclusion: According to the result of this study, the health information management system facilities, presence of skilled medical record technicians as receptionists, archive and coding disease and fulltime manager is necessary in these clinics. Separated and independent place for reception and archive unit are also required. Equipment (including software and hardware) should be supplied for data entry, data process, and data analysis. It needs to be considered in instructions for documenting and duties of admission unit, archives unit, and director in these clinics.}, Keywords = {Health information management, Physical medicine, Hospital}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {30-35}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-218-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-218-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {NabaviAleagha, F and Naderi, F and Heidarei, A and Nazari, M and Nicksirat, A and Avakh, F}, title = {The effect of neurofeedback (SMR training) on performance and reaction time of individuals who undertake difficult tasks}, abstract ={Background: Achieving to peak performance and reaction time (RT) is the most important aim of artists, athletes, military personnel and every one whose job needs delicacy. Neurofeedback is one of the new ways which is used by sport psychologist in order to attaining the peak performance. This study aimed to investigate the influence of (sensori motor rhythm: 12-15 Hz) SMR neurofeedback training on peak performance and RT of individuals with difficult jobs. Materials and methods: The research project was experimental and 36 volunteers were randomly divided in three groups, experimental group (real neurofeedback), placebo (virtual neurofeedback) and control group. As far as our volunteers were from various groups, they were put in a same situation (playing table tennis) for evaluating their peak performance. All groups were evaluated in table tennis performance and RT. Then, the experimental intervention was performed. All participating groups were trained for table tennis for 20 sessions and the experimental group as well as the placebo got the neurofeedback training and table tennis training simultaneously. All three groups participated in the post-test in the middle and at the end of the study. All the data were analyzed by repeated measurements, multivariate/ analysis of variance by subtracting the pre-test post-test in order to examine the hypothesis. Results: Results of data analysis have shown that SMR training influenced on performance and RT of participants in a special task. Conclusion: Neurofeedback training can improve trainers’ performance. For this reason, it can be used for achieving peak performance and decrease RT in athletes.}, Keywords = {Neurofeedback, Reaction time, Task performance}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {36-41}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-219-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-219-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Najafipour, F and Rezvanfar, MA and Zareiy, S}, title = {Comparison of inhaled methoxyflurane and injection of morphine/pethidine for pain relief operational injured patients}, abstract ={Background: Pain among patients is prevalent and often remains untreated. On the other hand, given that military medicine is one of the main tasks of the Armed Forces Health, pain relief for battlefield wounded soldiers with non-narcotic medications or replacing the current narcotics with an effective non-addictive drug is necessary. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of inhaled methoxyflurane (Penthrox®) on pain control of injured patients and comparison it with injection of pethidine/morphine. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 71 wounded patients were included who were admitted to Nezaja hospitals in Tehran in 2009. To compare the effectiveness of medications standard pain scale (McGill) was used. Descriptive and comparison analyses were performed for data analysis. Results: Totally, pain was treated with pethidine/morphine and penthrox® with in 41 and 30 patients, respectively. The results strongly indicate that penthrox® can easily be used for conscious injured battlefield patients without significant complications, but it had no a great help for their pain relief. In contrast, pethidine/morphine significantly reduced the pain of wounded patients. Conclusion: Penthrox® may not be an alternative to pethidine/morphine for pain relief among battlefield Wounded soldiers.}, Keywords = {Methoxyflurane, Narcotic Analgesics, Pain Managements}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {42-45}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-220-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-220-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Ghodratnama, F and Rohani, B}, title = {Military Dentistry}, abstract ={The term “Military Dentistry” always stirs people's curiosity, while military dentistry does not differ much from the discipline of dentistry. This field is the same as the science of dentistry that places in specific situations and locations of military. So, for the welfare of the troops, it should have certain characteristics that are coordinated with the purposes of this group of society. Type of patients, equipment and planning for education in this special group are different from other segments of society. Also, this field requires certain individuals as military dentists, and people also teach them should have special conditions. In this review, it has been tried to clarify the importance of military dentistry. In our country, in order to develop this important branch of the discipline of military medicine, the cooperation of all professionals and researchers in this field is mandatory.}, Keywords = {Equipment, Military Dentistry, Military Medicine}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {46-53}, publisher = {Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration}, url = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-221-en.html}, eprint = {http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-221-en.pdf}, journal = {EBNESINA}, issn = {1735-9503}, eissn = {2645-4653}, year = {2013} }