Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration
EBNESINA
1735-9503
11
2
2008
12
1
Supersonic flight and its effects on the pilot and residential areas
5
12
FA
M
Akhlaghi
The first supersonic flight was performed in 1947, but flight with
such speeds creates strong shock waves in the air surrounding the
airplane that rises air resistance and temperature in the plane and
can harm people and even constructions if the plane is close
enough to the surface. The literature on the medical effects of
supersonic flight can be classified in two domains: 1. medical effects
on the pilot and possible crew 2. medical effects on people and
their environment on the surface of the Earth. The major source of
any medical harm to the pilot or the crew can be summarized in any
kind of mechanical malfunction in the cockpit instruments and airtight
seals. There are some minor affects due to high-altitude flight
while flying supersonic speeds and in one case, the prevalence of
hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia were studied for
supersonic pilots.
The main concern on supersonic flight is the effects of its
shockwaves on the people living on the surface of the Earth. One of
the chief areas of study is the effect of the shockwaves on the sleep
of residents, in some cases the studies have resulted in equations
to predict the percent of people awakened by such noise. Sonic
booms and aerial noise also have damaging effects on the potential
of high school student’s learning.
Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration
EBNESINA
1735-9503
11
2
2008
12
1
Introduction to contaminating radioactive elements and methods of decontamination
13
18
FA
R
Riazi
A
Aghighi
In the event of a nuclear disaster, in war or malfunctions in nuclear
infrastructures, the first priority is to save the lives of those involved,
and after that their bodies have to be decontaminated. In this article
the radioactive elements with most radioactive contamination are
introduced followed by a summery of the medical procedures
advised for such cases.
Radioactive radiation can cause direct and indirect biological
damage to the body tissue. During the exposure of body tissue to
ionization radiation, energy is transferred causing ionization and
stimulation in tissue. This ionization can cause direct damage to
sensitive cells in the body which is considered as a direct cause of
radioactive radiation to the body.
Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration
EBNESINA
1735-9503
11
2
2008
12
1
Application of microorganisms in decontaminating radioactive wastes
19
26
FA
MB
Tajvidi
SH
khazanehdari
AR
Gharatappeh
E
Doraji
Radioactive wastes are inevitably produced in the course of
radioactive activities. In the years 1945 to 1986 and while nuclear
weapons were mass produced, high levels of radioactive waste
were left over on the surface of the Earth. Unfortunately these
wastes spread easily which is due to their solubility in underground
waters.
Recently biologic techniques are used to eliminate or deactivate
radioactive wastes. Microorganisms such as Deinococcus
radiodurans, are very well suited for reducing costs and have high
effectiveness in eliminating or deactivating this waste, a method
named bioremediation.
Deinococcus radiodurans, are gram positive non-spore and usually
non-pathogen bacteria. they also contain red colored pigments
resulting in pink colored colonies. These bacteria were first
observed in cans which had been sterilized using radiation.
Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration
EBNESINA
1735-9503
11
2
2008
12
1
Behavioral patterns in disaster
27
32
FA
Y
Hoseini
While control and supervision of behavior are vital to disaster
management, they are usually disregarded. Disorder and change in
behavioral patterns during a disaster are one of the main factors in
disaster management such that disaster can be interpreted as
disorder and damage in behavior. Thus behavioral patterns that are
created during a disaster are essential in disaster management.
Research in behavioral patterns has shown the following
determining factors during a disaster: 1. The structures of social
relations during a disaster 2. Cultural and religious factors 3.
Mental and psychological pressure factors. Victims to such disaster
encounter a series of physiological and psychological reactions
whose intensity and kind depend on a variety of factors such as:
prior experience, intensity of destruction caused, the time between
the event and the symptoms and personal emotions.
In this review, while mentioning the above mentioned factors, some
practical facts about disaster management that have to be
considered in such cases are also discussed.
Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration
EBNESINA
1735-9503
11
2
2008
12
1
Meningococcal infection and its effective antibiotics
33
39
FA
K
Abedini
M
Darvishi
S
Zareiy
M
Samadpoor
A
Eskandari
N. meningitidis is a gram-negative diplococcus that is a strict human
pathogen. It most commonly causes asymptomatic nasopharyngeal
carriage but on occasion causes invasive disease.
Discussions of meningococcal epidemiology and prevention
necessarily include meningococcal serogroups. Pathogenic strains
of N. meningitidis have a polysaccharide capsule, which serves as a
major virulence factor for this organism. Unencapsulated strains,
frequently found in the nasopharynx of asymptomatic carriers, rarely
cause invasive disease.
There are specific host factors that increase the risk of invasive
meningococcal infection because only a minute fraction of
nasopharyngeal carriers of N. meningitidis develop clinical disease.
Therapy requires the prompt administration of antibiotics following
the collection of appropriate diagnostic specimens. The therapy of
choice is penicillin or ampicillin because the meningococcus
remains susceptible to these agents around the world. The
prevalence of carriage varies by study but is generally highest in
adolescents and young adults.
Islamic Republic of Iran/ Air Force Health Administration
EBNESINA
1735-9503
11
2
2008
12
1
Application of Holmium laser in urology
40
45
FA
MR
Razaghi
E
Rezaei
AR
Rezaei
M
Hoseini
AR
Golshan
B
Javanmard
Lasers have had an increasing application in medicine during the
last 20 years. Today laser has a defined role in ophthalmology,
surgery, dermatology, dentistry and specially urology. In this article,
the general use of lasers in medicine is discussed, and then the
various aspects of holmium laser application in urology and its
advantages are reviewed. Holmium laser is used in urology for
urinary tract stones, benign prostate hyperplasia, urethral and
ureter stricture, and other surgical operations. Comparing with other
methods holmium laser is harmless with a high rate of success.