[Home ] [Archive]   [ فارسی ]  
:: Main :: About :: Current Issue :: Archive :: Search :: Submit :: Contact ::
Main Menu
Home::
Journal Information::
Articles archive::
For Authors::
For Reviewers::
Ethics::
Contact us::
::
Search in website

Advanced Search
..
Receive site information
Enter your Email in the following box to receive the site news and information.
..
Index








     
 
..
:: Volume 27, Issue 1 (3-2025) ::
EBNESINA 2025, 27(1): 91-104 Back to browse issues page
Comparison of pain and scapulohumeral rhythm in female students with and without upper crossed syndrome
Zahra Khosravi , Ebrahim Mohammad Ali Nasab Firouzjah * , Morteza Homayounnia Firouzjah
Department of Exercise Physiology and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran , e.mohammadalinasab@urmia.ac.ir
Abstract:   (284 Views)
Background and aims: Upper Crossed Syndrome (UCS) is a postural imbalance that leads to abnormal patterns in joints and soft tissues. This study aimed to compare neck and shoulder pain, as well as scapulohumeral rhythm, in female students with and without UCS.
Methods: In this causal-comparative study, 60 female students aged 10-12 years from Khalkhal city, during the academic year 2022-2023, were selected as the research sample and screened using a posture assessment grid. Based on quantitative physical assessments, participants were divided into two groups: healthy (n=30) and UCS (n=30). Forward head and shoulder angles were evaluated using photographic analysis, kyphosis angle was measured with the Goniometer-pro app, pain index by Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and scapulohumeral rhythm was assessed using the Lateral Scapular Slide Test (LSST).
Results: The findings revealed significant differences in neck pain, shoulder pain, and scapulohumeral rhythm between students with UCS and healthy subjects (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: UCS is associated with increased neck and shoulder pain and disrupted scapulohumeral rhythm. Therefore, implementing corrective interventions and preventive programs is recommended for students at risk of postural abnormalities and impaired musculoskeletal function.
 
Keywords: pain, shoulder joint, postural balance, kyphosis, children, musculoskeletal abnormalities
Full-Text [PDF 1807 kb]   (82 Downloads) |   |   Extended Abstract (HTML)  (92 Views)  
Type of Study: Original |
Received: 2024/11/2 | Revised: 2024/12/25 | Accepted: 2025/01/6 | Published: 2025/04/5
References
1. Hhajihosseini E, Norasteh A, Shamsi A, Daneshmandi H. The comparison of effect of three programs of strengthening, stretching and comprehensive on upper crossed syndrome. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2015;11(1):51-61. [Persian] doi:10.22122/jrrs.v11i1.2149
2. Ghalehney MA, Norasteh AA, Daneshmandi H, Bahiraei S. The comparison of head, shoulder, and spine in veteran soccer and volleyball players and non-athletes. The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2016;5(2):173-183. [Persian] doi:10.22037/jrm.2016.1100186
3. Maghdid AR, Ghani Zadeh Hesar N, Mohammadi Danghralo M, Mohammad Ali Nasab Firouzjah E. Comparison of basic manipulation skills between children with upper extremity syndrome and healthy children. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning. 2022;13(4):473-491. [Persian] doi:10.22059/jsmdl.2022.337780.1638
4. Akbari A, Gannad R. Prevalence of shoulder postural impairments in 10-12 years old primary students of Zahedan. Journal of Medical Sciences. 2006;6(3):332-337. doi:10.3923/jms.2006.332.337
5. Sedrez JA, da Rosa MI, Noll M, Medeiros Fda S, Candotti CT. [Risk factors associated with structural postural changes in the spinal column of children and adolescents]. Revista Paulista De Pediatria. 2015;33(1):72-81. doi:10.1016/j.rpped.2014.11.012
6. Chang MC, Choo YJ, Hong K, Boudier-Revéret M, Yang S. Treatment of upper crossed syndrome: A narrative systematic review. Healthcare (Basel). 2023;11(16). doi:10.3390/healthcare11162328
7. Azam H, Fatima N, Asjad A, Ashraf I, Asif T, Rehman F. Comparative effects of comprehensive corrective exercises versus muscle energy techniques in patients with upper cross syndrome: A randomized controlled trial: corrective exercises vs muscle energy techniques in patients with upper cross syndrome. Pakistan BioMedical Journal. 2022;5(7):173-177. doi:10.54393/pbmj.v5i7.671
8. Wiranatha MBK, Putra IPYP, Saraswati PAS, Kinandana GP. The relationship between upper cross syndrome posture and shoulder disability. Physical Therapy Journal of Indonesia. 2024;5(2):137–141. doi:10.51559/ptji.v5i2.209.
9. Ghamkhar L, Kahlaee AH. Is forward head posture relevant to cervical muscles performance and neck pain? A case-control study. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy. 2019;23(4):346-354. doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.08.007
10. Ludewig PM, Reynolds JF. The association of scapular kinematics and glenohumeral joint pathologies. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2009;39(2):90-104. doi:10.2519/jospt.2009.2808
11. Cole AK, McGrath ML, Harrington SE, Padua DA, Rucinski TJ, Prentice WE. Scapular bracing and alteration of posture and muscle activity in overhead athletes with poor posture. Journal of Athletic Training. 2013;48(1):12-24. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-48.1.13
12. Izraelski J. Assessment and treatment of muscle imbalance: The janda approach. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association. 2012;56(2):158.
13. Struyf F, Nijs J, Baeyens JP, Mottram S, Meeusen R. Scapular positioning and movement in unimpaired shoulders, shoulder impingement syndrome, and glenohumeral instability. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2011;21(3):352-358. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01274.x
14. Babagoltabar-Samakoush H, Norasteh A. Scapulohumeral rhythm, kyphosis, and forward shoulder in Iranian Wushu athletes and non-athletes. The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2022;11:836-849. [Persian] doi:10.32598/SJRM.11.5.3
15. Ghafouri M, Daneshmandi H, Fallah AY. Comparison of shoulder, trunk and neck muscle function with glenohumeral joint disorders in army officers with and without upper cross syndrome. Journal of Military Medicine. 2022;24(3):1166-1175. [Persian] doi:10.30491/jmm.24.3.1166
16. Khosravi Z, Mohammad Ali Nasab Firouzjah E, Homayounnia Firouzjah M. Comparison of balance and proprioception of the shoulder joint in girls with and without upper cross syndrome. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2024;25(1):618. doi:10.1186/s12891-024-07552-5
17. Khosravi Z, Mohammad Ali Nasab Firouzjah E, Homayounnia Firouzjah M. Comparison of physical literacy and upper extremity functions in girls with and without upper crossed syndrome. Journal of Sports and Motor Development and Learning. 2023;15(3):33-47. [Persian] doi:10.22059/jsmdl.2023.356750.1710
18. Murta BAJ, Santos TRT, Araujo PA, Resende RA, Ocarino JM. Influence of reducing anterior pelvic tilt on shoulder posture and the electromyographic activity of scapular upward rotators. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy. 2020;24(2):135-143. doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2019.02.002
19. Daneshjoo A, Mousavi Sadati SK, Pourahmad F. Effect of corrective exercise vs corrective games on upper crossed syndrome in female students. Physical Treatments - Specific Physical Therapy. 2021;11(1):13-24. doi:10.32598/ptj.11.1.412.3
20. Thanasarn B, Pibul W, Kulchanarat C, Piathip D, Yuenyongchaiwat K. A prospective study of 73 patients to compare forward head angle, forward shoulder angle, maximal inspiratory pressure, and self-reported breathing-related symptoms before and after open-heart surgery. Medical Science Monitor Basic Research. 2023;29:e938802. doi:10.12659/msmbr.938802
21. Elrahim RMA, Embaby EA, Ali MF, Kamel RM. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of Kinovea software for measurement of shoulder range of motion. Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy. 2016;21(2):80-87. doi:10.4103/1110-6611.196778
22. Faramarzi Kohneh Shahri Y, Ghani Zadeh Hesar N. Validity and reliability of smartphone-based Goniometer-Pro app for measuring the thoracic kyphosis. Musculoskeletal Science & Practice. 2020;49:102216. doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2020.102216
23. Yaghoubitajani Z, Gheitasi M, Bayattork M, Andersen LL. Corrective exercises administered online vs at the workplace for pain and function in the office workers with upper crossed syndrome: randomized controlled trial. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2022;95(8):1703-1718. doi:10.1007/s00420-022-01859-3
24. Price DD, McGrath PA, Rafii A, Buckingham B. The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain. Pain. 1983;17(1):45-56. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(83)90126-4
25. Gibson MH, Goebel GV, Jordan TM, Kegerreis S, Worrell TW. A reliability study of measurement techniques to determine static scapular position. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1995;21(2):100-106. doi:10.2519/jospt.1995.21.2.100
26. Shadmehr A, Sarafraz H, Heidari Blooki M, Jalaie SH, Morais N. Reliability, agreement, and diagnostic accuracy of the Modified Lateral Scapular Slide test. Manual Therapy. 2016;24:18-24. doi:10.1016/j.math.2016.04.004
27. Lord MJ, Small JM, Dinsay JM, Watkins RG. Lumbar lordosis. Effects of sitting and standing. Spine 1997;22(21):2571-2574. doi:10.1097/00007632-199711010-00020
28. Sahrmann S, Azevedo DC, Dillen LV. Diagnosis and treatment of movement system impairment syndromes. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy. 2017;21(6):391-399. doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.08.001
29. Amiri MR, Barzegar M, Moradi B. Relationship between upper extremity syndrome and neck pain in students using computer. Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain. 2023;14(1):1-10. [Persian]
30. Yip CH, Chiu TT, Poon AT. The relationship between head posture and severity and disability of patients with neck pain. Manual Therapy. 2008;13(2):148-154. doi:10.1016/j.math.2006.11.002
31. Ghaffar E, Sadia U, Riaz R, Mazhar F, Tariq R, Amjad L, et al. The association between upper cross syndrome and temporomandibular dysfunction. Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research. 2024;4(3):1-5. doi:10.61919/jhrr.v4i3.1432
32. Jaideep A, Eapen C, Prabhakar AJ, Patel V. Upper-crossed syndrome and disability in shoulder adhesive capsulitis. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2023;36:282-290. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.05.016
33. Das J, Anand P, Bhati P. Relationship of forward head posture and kinesthesia with electromyographical parameters in upper cross syndrome: A correlational cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical & Diagnostic Research. 2024;18(3):178. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2024/75527.20102
34. Tucker WS, Campbell BM, Swartz EE, Armstrong CW. Electromyography of 3 scapular muscles: a comparative analysis of the cuff link device and a standard push-up. Journal of Athletic Training. 2008;43(5):464-469. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-43.5.464
35. Kendall FP, McCreary EK, Provance PG, Rodgers MM, Romani WA. Muscles: testing and function with posture and pain. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
36. Kibler WB. The role of the scapula in athletic shoulder function. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1998;26(2):325-337. doi:10.1177/03635465980260022801
Send email to the article author

Add your comments about this article
Your username or Email:

CAPTCHA

Ethics code: IR.SSRC.REC.1401.105



XML   Persian Abstract   Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Khosravi Z, Mohammad Ali Nasab Firouzjah E, Homayounnia Firouzjah M. Comparison of pain and scapulohumeral rhythm in female students with and without upper crossed syndrome. EBNESINA 2025; 27 (1) :91-104
URL: http://ebnesina.ajaums.ac.ir/article-1-1371-en.html


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Volume 27, Issue 1 (3-2025) Back to browse issues page
ابن سینا EBNESINA
Persian site map - English site map - Created in 0.05 seconds with 39 queries by YEKTAWEB 4714