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The effect of arch-support insoles on the frequency spectrum of ground reaction forces during waking in adults with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL) reconstruction and pronated feet
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Ebrahim Piri    , AmirAli Jafarnezhadgero * , Mahrokh Dehghani , Afsaneh Enteshari-Moghaddam |
| Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran , amiralijafarnezhad@gmail.com |
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Abstract: (9 Views) |
Background and aims: Gait mechanics can be impaired by foot pronation and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. This study examined the effects of arch‑support and placebo insoles on the frequency spectrum of ground reaction forces during walking in individuals with pronated feet who underwent ACL reconstruction with a hamstring autograft.
Methods: In this quasi‑experimental study, 30 men with pronated feet and prior ACL reconstruction (hamstring autograft) were grouped by time since surgery (<6 months, 6-12 months, >12 months). Ten healthy men served as controls. Ground reaction forces were recorded in three directions with a force plate (Bertec, USA) under three conditions: no insole, placebo insole, and arch‑support insole, measured before and after a fatigue protocol. Frequency analysis used Fourier transform. Data were analyzed with two‑way repeated measures ANOVA.
Results: Insoles produced significant changes from pre‑ to post‑fatigue in the Essential Harmonic Number index: vertical direction under no insole and placebo conditions; mediolateral direction under placebo and arch‑support conditions; and anteroposterior direction under no insole and arch‑support conditions. Use of the arch‑support insole was associated with a significant reduction in 99.5% frequency power, particularly in the group <6 months post‑surgery.
Conclusion: Insoles, especially arch‑support insoles, appear to enhance dynamic stability by altering the frequency content of ground reaction forces, with a stronger effect in the early postoperative stage after ACL reconstruction.
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| Keywords: anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, anterior cruciate ligament, gait, flatfoot, biomechanic, knee joint |
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Full-Text [PDF 1940 kb]
(7 Downloads)
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Type of Study: Original |
Subject:
Military Medicine
Received: 2025/09/8 | Revised: 2025/10/19 | Accepted: 2025/11/3 | Published: 2025/11/22
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